This Date in Aviation History: October 25 - October 27

"ttyymmnn" (ttyymmnn) 10/27/2017 at 12:35 • Filed to: planelopnik history, Planelopnik

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Welcome to This Date in Aviation History , getting of you caught up on milestones, important historical events and people in aviation from October 25 through October 27.

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October 26, 1940 – The first flight of the North American NA-73X, the prototype of the North American P-51 Mustang. Combatants of all nations produced some truly superb aircraft leading up to and during WWII, and some of them are now considered the ultimate statement of what is possible with a piston-powered design. It is difficult to pick a single aircraft as the greatest to come out of the war, but if one were to make a list of the top five, or even the top three, the North American P-51 Mustang would surely be somewhere on that list. However, in an interesting twist of irony, one of the greatest fighters produced by the United States during WWII actually owes its existence to the British. In 1938, the British saw war in Europe looming on the horizon and turned to the US to purchase fighter aircraft. They were interested in procuring large numbers of the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (the British designation of the Warhawk), but Curtiss was already running at capacity and was unable to fulfill the British order. So Britain turned to !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , who was already providing the RAF with the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! trainer (known in the US as the T-6 Texan), and asked if North American would be willing to build Tomahawks under license. Rather than produce a fighter designed by a rival company, North American told the British that they could build a better fighter using the same !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! V-12 engine that powered the Tomahawk. The British agreed, but stipulated that the first production aircraft must be delivered by January 1941, just 8 months time. In a mere 102 days, the North American team, led by designers Raymond Rice and !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! presented the British with the NA-73X, the prototype of the Mustang. (Schmued had worked for Messerschmitt before the war, and that experience may have influenced some of the Mustang’s angular lines.) While still following the traditional design principles of the day, the NA-73X introduced some novel features. The first was the use of a !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! wing which significantly reduced drag. The second was the placement of the radiator behind the pilot which gave the Mustang its iconic underside air intake. The placement of the radiator also allowed designers to take advantage of the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , in which heated air leaving the radiator produces a small amount of jet thrust. Early Mustangs had a canopy faired into the fuselage, but that arrangement created a dangerous blind spot for pilots. The P-51D, which introduced a graceful teardrop canopy and was armed with six .50 caliber machine guns, became the definitive production model, with nearly 8,000 produced at factories in California and Texas.

The Northrop NA-73X, the prototype of the P-51 Mustang

As promised, the Mustang was initially fitted with an underpowered Allison engine, but even with that power plant the Mustang outperformed the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The British soon modified the P-51 to accept a 12-cylinder !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! engine, transforming the Mustang into a powerful, high-flying fighter that was equal to or better than German designs and, with a top speed of 437 mph, one of the fastest fighters of its day. The Americans followed suit by installing the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! built under license in the US. The Mustang’s exceptional range meant that the US finally had an escort fighter that could accompany daylight bombing raids deep into Germany, resurrecting a !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! that had suffered from lack of fighter protection. The P-51 helped the Allies gain complete control of the skies over Europe by the end of the war, and Mustang pilots claimed almost 5,000 enemy aircraft destroyed. Though the Mustang, now called the F-51, was relegated to National Guard units after WWII, they were called upon to serve in the Korean war, mostly flying ground attack and interdiction missions. Mustangs were ultimately replaced by jet fighters in 1953, and the last F-51 was retired from US service in 1957, though Mustangs were flown by the Dominican Air Fore until 1984. With over 15,000 aircraft built, the Mustang ranks second only to the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in sheer numbers of aircraft produced, and surplus Mustangs have become favorites among civilian air racing pilots and on the international air show circuit. (US Air Force photo; NA-73X photo via North American Aviation)

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Short Takeoff

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October 25, 1994 – The death of Kara Hultgreen, the first woman US Naval Aviator to be qualified as a carrier-based fighter pilot. While attempting a landing on the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!   (CVN-72), Hultgreen overshot the centerline and attempted to correct her approach with left rudder application, leading to a compressor stall in the left engine. She applied full afterburner to attempt a missed approach, but the asymmetrical power caused her !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! to roll inverted. The radar intercept officer initiated ejection and was shot clear of the aircraft, but Hultgreen, who ejected second in the sequence, was launched straight into the water, killing her instantly. The incident was controversial, as Hultgreen’s death came at a time when both the Navy and US Air Force were working to integrate women fighter pilots into service, and some accused the Navy of promoting women pilots regardless of their of their piloting skills. (US Navy photo)

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October 25, 1991 – The first flight of the Airbus A340, a long-range, wide-body airliner that can seat up to 440 passengers depending on variant and seating arrangement. Aimed at the long haul market that had been dominated by American aircraft manufacturers, the A340 was the largest airliner to grow from the original !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! design, featuring four engines and a twin aisle. Depending on the variant, the A340 is capable of flying routes up to 9,000 nautical miles. Production of the A340 ceased in 2011 after 377 had been built at a time when fuel prices were high and other airliners could provide greater fuel efficiency. (Photo by Anthony Noble via !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! )

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October 25, 1979 – The 5,057th and final F-4 Phantom II rolls off the McDonnell Douglas production line. One of the iconic aircraft of the Cold War Era, the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! entered service in 1960 with the US Navy and eventually became one of the few fighters to serve in the Navy, US Marine Corps and US Air Force. Production of the two-seat all-weather interceptor/fighter-bomber began in 1958 and, by the time production ended in 1981, a total of 5,195 were built to serve the US military and 11 export nations (a number that includes 138 Phantoms built by Mitsubishi in Japan), making it the third most-produced jet fighter in the US after the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! / !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The F-4G !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! electronic warfare variant served as late as 1991 in the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and, following the Phantom’s retirement from US service in 1996, remaining F-4s were converted to QF-4 target drones. (McDonnell Douglas photo)

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October 25, 1955 – The first flight of the Saab 35 Draken, a fighter developed to replace the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and the first supersonic fighter to be deployed in Western Europe. The Draken (Kite, or Dragon) was introduced in 1969 and was notable for its use of a !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (or compound delta) wing configuration that aided in performance at both low and high speeds. Following Swedish defense doctrine, the Draken was designed for operation from public roadways and with the ability to be serviced by minimally trained crews in a short time. The Draken proved to be a successful Cold War fighter, and was exported to Austria, Denmark, Finland, with 652 aircraft produced from 1955 to 1974. (Photo by Okän fotograh via !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! )

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October 26, 1973 – The first flight of the Dassault-Breguet/Dornier Alpha Jet, a trainer and light attack aircraft designed through a partnership between France and Germany to replace the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The aircraft originally designed to fill this role, the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , turned into a full-fledged, nuclear-capable attack fighter-bomber, so designers revisited the trainer requirement and developed the twin-engine, subsonic Alpha Jet in its place. A total of 480 aircraft were produced from 1973-1991, and the Alpha Jet continues to serve 12 nations, though it has been retired by Germany. The Alpha Jet is also flown by the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! demonstration team. (Photo by Alan Wilson via !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! )

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October 26, 1972 – The death of Igor Sikorsky. Sikorsky was born on May 25, 1889 in present-day Ukraine and, though his name is now synonymous with helicopters, he began his career as a designer of fixed-wing aircraft. Among his first aircraft were the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , the world’s first multi-engine fixed-wing aircraft, and the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , the world’s first practical airliner. After emigrating to the US in 1919, Sikorsky created the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in 1925 and produced the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! for Pan American Airways. But it was in rotary-winged aircraft that Sikorsky made his greatest mark on aviation history, first with the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , the world’s first successful helicopter to use a single vertical tail rotor, and then the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , the world’s first production helicopter.

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October 26, 1958 – The first commercial flight of the Boeing 707. Boeing developed their first swept-wing airliner with engines housed in pods under the wings, thereby setting the design standard for an entire generation of airliners to follow and creating the first commercially successful airliner. Developed from the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , better known as the Dash 80, the 707 made its first transatlantic flight for !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (Pan Am) on October 17, 1958 carrying VIPs, and its first flight with paying passengers nine days later. When the Saha Airlines of Iran flew the final scheduled 707 passenger flight in April 2013, it marked the end of more than 30 million hours of 707 service worldwide, and the 865 707s produced had transported nearly 522 million passengers. (Photo by Mike Freer via !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! )

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October 26, 1944 – The death of Hiroyoshi Nishizawa, possibly Japan’s leading fighter ace of WWII. Nishizawa began the war flying the obsolescent !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! against the US and her allies. Though he claimed his first victory in the A5M, Nishizawa soon transitioned to the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , which far outclassed Allied fighters early in the war. Later, he teamed with ace !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and, at the time of his death, Nishizawa had amassed 87 victories by his own count in the skies over New Guinea, Guadalcanal and the Philippines, and perhaps as many as 120, though an accurate tally is impossible to determine. Nishizawa was killed over Mindoro Island when his transport plane was attacked and shot down by US Navy !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! fighters. Nishizawa was 24 years old. (Photo author unknown)

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October 26, 1931 – The first flight of the de Havilland Tiger Moth, a primary trainer designed by !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! that he hoped would prove superior to his earlier !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Tiger Moth was developed from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and entered service with the Royal Air Force in 1932. The Tiger Moth proved to be a wild success for de Havilland, and nearly 9,000 were produced from 1931-1944. It provided primary flight training throughout WWII, and also served in reconnaissance and maritime surveillance roles. After its retirement, many surplus aircraft entered the civilian market where they remain flying today, and some Tiger Moths still provide initial flight training for pilots needing to gain experience on tail-dragger aircraft. (Photo by Chris Finney via !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! )

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October 27, 1957 – The death of Giovanni Caproni. An Italian aeronautical, civil and electrical engineer, Caproni was born in a part of Austria-Hungary that was annexed by Italy in 1919. After a start building aircraft engines, Caproni founded his own aircraft factory in 1908 and designed his first aircraft, the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , in 1910. A proponent of passenger airplanes, Caproni developed Italy’s first multi-engined aircraft, the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , though his first airliner, the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , crashed, killing all onboard. Between the World Wars, he designed the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , an experimental ducted fan aircraft that presaged the turbofan engine, and his company manufactured bombers and transport aircraft for Italy during WWII. (Photo authors unknown)

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Connecting Flights

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If you enjoy these Aviation History posts, please let me know in the comments. And if you missed any of the past articles, you can find them all at !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . You can also find more stories about aviation, aviators and airplane oddities at !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! .

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For Sweden > ttyymmnn 10/27/2017 at 12:42

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One of my coworkers has flown a Mustang. She says it was neat.

HammerheadFistpunch > ttyymmnn 10/27/2017 at 12:44

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I want an Alpha Jet.

Chariotoflove > ttyymmnn 10/27/2017 at 12:49

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I love these posts. If I may make a suggestion? Breaking the long ones up into paragraphs would help readability, at least for me, especially when I click out to follow one of your links and want to get back to where I left off.

user314 > ttyymmnn 10/27/2017 at 12:53

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Discovery Wings: P-51

Wings: F-4

Dusty Ventures > ttyymmnn 10/27/2017 at 13:10

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I wonder what the fastest fighter, and fastest aircraft overall, was during WWII

Also, minor side note, Sikorsky’s grave was one of the stops on Oppo rally

Yowen - not necessarily not spaghetti and meatballs > HammerheadFistpunch 10/27/2017 at 13:27

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Hopefully not an Alfa jet, that sounds like a scary prospect. The best handling, prettiest aircraft, but....

Doge_Supreme drives a BRZ > Dusty Ventures 10/27/2017 at 14:28

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Looks like the fastest plane during the war was the Komet, but it was never that effective in it’s role.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163_Komet

ttyymmnn > Chariotoflove 10/27/2017 at 14:42

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That’s a good idea. I put a second image into the long posts for that very reason. Maybe more pictures!

Thanks.

ttyymmnn > user314 10/27/2017 at 14:43

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I miss that show. I still have a stack of VHS tapes of the shows in a closet somewhere. Nothing to play them on, though.

ttyymmnn > HammerheadFistpunch 10/27/2017 at 14:45

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HammerheadFistpunch > ttyymmnn 10/27/2017 at 14:45

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So rad.

ttyymmnn > For Sweden 10/27/2017 at 14:46

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Flown a Mustang, or flown in a Mustang?

For Sweden > ttyymmnn 10/27/2017 at 15:08

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The former

user314 > ttyymmnn 10/27/2017 at 15:39

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I hung on to my best VCR to rip old tapes to my PC, so I have a few eps of Wings, plus the A&E/Video Ordnance Gulf War specials from ‘91, The Wing Will Fly, and the extra-long version of Star Trek: TMP that isn’t on DVD. ;-)

ttyymmnn > user314 10/27/2017 at 17:16

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That’s a nice collection. I also enjoyed the Wings of the Red Star series, with Peter Ustinov narrating. That was such good TV, before these channels went with all the reality BS.

ttyymmnn > For Sweden 10/27/2017 at 17:17

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My mission in life is to figure out exactly what you do for a living.

user314 > ttyymmnn 10/27/2017 at 17:42

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Yeah, I snagged a bunch of the WOTR and WOTL eps, along with all six episode of Strange Planes off YouTube. Those and the early Wings were the best; I didn’t care for the later wings eps, the tone changed somehow.

ttyymmnn > user314 10/27/2017 at 18:21

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The later episodes were cut up and re-edited from the originals, with flash transitions and other things to spice them up. But it was precisely the calm, scholarly tone of the originals that made them so appealing.